Gadget Scout Review • 25 July 2026

Samsung Galaxy Z Flip8 Review: A Thinner Clamshell With Smarter FlexWindow

Samsung's slimmest Flip yet makes a persuasive case for folding your phone in half. The price, however, is doing its best to unfold your wallet.

The Galaxy Z Flip8 brought Samsung's familiar clamshell formula into a noticeably slimmer, lighter package, with the 4.1-inch FlexWindow doing far more of the day-to-day work.

Samsung unveiled the Galaxy Z Flip8 at Galaxy Unpacked in London on 22 July 2026, and it was immediately obvious where the company had focused its energy. This was not a wild reinvention of the folding phone. It was a refinement job. A very tidy one, admittedly, but still a refinement job.

The headline changes are easy to understand: a 13% slimmer body, an 8g weight saving, a bigger 4.1-inch FlexWindow cover display and a silicon-carbon battery inside a handset that still folds down into a genuinely pocket-friendly square. In the UK and Europe, the Flip8 also arrived with Samsung's 2nm Exynos 2600 processor, 12GB of RAM as standard, Android 17 and One UI 9.

It is a single phone rather than a confusing mini-range, available with 256GB or 512GB of UFS 4.0 storage. That keeps the buying decision mercifully simple. The less pleasant number is the starting price: £1,149 for the 256GB version, which was £100 more than the equivalent Galaxy Z Flip7. Samsung had made the Flip8 better. The question is whether it had made it better enough.

8.3/10
Design
9.2
Displays
8.9
Performance
8.3
Battery
7.9
Value
7.1
How we test and researchOur recommendations combine hands-on experience with manufacturer specifications, measurements and findings from trusted professional reviewers, and real-world feedback from UK owners. We re-check the key facts, prices and availability regularly and update this guide as new products launch. Where we link to a retailer we may earn a small commission, which never affects what we recommend.

In the Hand: The Thinnest Flip Yet — But Does Slim Mean Compromise?

The most convincing upgrade was the one you felt before you switched the phone on. At 6.1mm unfolded, the Galaxy Z Flip8 was exceptionally slim for a foldable. Folded shut, it measured 85.7 x 75.4 x 13.1mm. Those figures may look like the usual phone-spec soup on a product page, but in a jeans pocket they mattered rather more than a marketing slide would have you believe.

The Flip7 had never been a bulky phone in any normal sense. Yet the Flip8 lost enough depth that it felt less like a folded device and more like a compact, deliberate object. It slipped into a trouser pocket without creating the slightly awkward rectangular bulge that foldables can sometimes produce. A small win? Certainly. But it is the sort of small win you notice every day, which is rather the point.

Unfolded thickness
6.1mm
Folded size
85.7 x 75.4 x 13.1mm
Weight
180g
Main display
6.9-inch AMOLED
FlexWindow
4.1-inch AMOLED
Durability
IP48
Memory
12GB RAM
Storage
256GB or 512GB

The weight reduction was similarly modest on paper and meaningful in practice. At 180g, the Flip8 weighed 8g less than the 188g Galaxy Z Flip7. Nobody is going to perform a dramatic wrist-strength test in the shop, obviously. But the slimmer build and lower weight worked together: the Flip8 felt less dense in the hand, less fussy to carry, and a touch more expensive than the already premium price suggested it ought to.

Samsung used Armor Aluminum around the frame, Gorilla Glass Victus 2 on the cover screen and a smoother Armor FlexHinge. Opening it felt clean and controlled, while the redesigned inner bezel helped the whole thing look more composed when open. This is not a device that wants to make a big song and dance about its engineering. It just feels better resolved.

There was a caveat. The IP48 rating was respectable but not category-leading. It meant meaningful protection from water and larger solid particles, but it remained behind the IP58 protection advertised by competing foldables from OnePlus and Honor. For ordinary rain, kitchen spills and the realities of British weather, the Flip8 should be reassuring. I would still not treat any foldable hinge as though it had been designed for a day at the beach. Sand has a way of finding its moment.

The important bit

The Flip8's slimness was not a decorative change. Folding phones live or die on whether they are easy to carry when closed, and this one was noticeably more pocketable than its predecessor without becoming awkwardly narrow when opened.

At 180g and 13.1mm when folded, the Flip8 was built around the practical advantage that makes clamshell foldables make sense: it takes up less room when you are not using it.

FlexWindow Grows Up: The 4.1-Inch Cover Screen That Wants to Replace Your Phone

The FlexWindow was the most compelling reason to consider the Flip8 over the Flip7. Samsung's 4.1-inch Super AMOLED cover display ran at 1048 x 948 pixels and up to 120Hz, making it feel much less like a secondary status panel and much more like a small phone attached to a larger one.

That distinction matters. A cover screen is only useful if it saves you from opening the phone. Otherwise it is a charming novelty, like a tiny umbrella in a cocktail: technically functional, but not especially helpful. The Flip8's larger panel gave Samsung enough space to make widgets, notifications, camera previews and selected apps more practical. It also put Google Gemini, Now Bar and Now Brief within reach without unfolding the handset.

Notifications and quick glances

The larger screen made it much easier to scan incoming alerts, calendar details and glanceable information without automatically turning every notification into a reason to open the phone.

Camera previews

Using the rear cameras with the cover screen as a preview remained one of the Flip format's genuinely useful advantages, particularly when you want a better-composed self-portrait than a typical front camera allows.

Google Gemini access

Gemini could be reached from the FlexWindow, giving Samsung's cover screen a more useful role than simply showing widgets and watch faces.

Now Bar and Now Brief

Samsung's glanceable software elements were designed to surface useful, timely information without making the cover display feel like a shrunken version of the full home screen.

For everyday use, this changed the rhythm of the device. You could check the time, dismiss or read notifications, control media, glance at calendar information, see a camera preview and access selected tools without opening the main display. That sounds obvious. It is also precisely what a clamshell foldable needs to do well. The fewer pointless open-close-open cycles you perform, the more elegant the design becomes.

Samsung still had to balance utility with restraint. A 4.1-inch square-ish panel was not a replacement for a full smartphone display, and pretending otherwise would be silly. Longer messages, web pages, maps and anything involving real concentration remained far better on the 6.9-inch inner screen. But the FlexWindow had progressed from "nice to have" to "why would I unfold this just to check that?"

The FlexWindow was most useful when you treated it as a filter for your attention. Quick jobs stayed outside; longer jobs went inside. That sounds almost annoyingly sensible, but it is where the Flip8's form factor really earned its keep.

The 120Hz refresh rate was important here too. It made swiping through widgets and moving around the panel feel smooth rather than compromised. On a smaller display, stutter is more noticeable because every interaction is close to your thumb and face. Samsung avoided that cheap, afterthought feeling.

There is a wider point as well. Foldables are at their best when the hardware changes how you use a phone, rather than merely how it looks in product photography. The Flip8's FlexWindow did exactly that. Not dramatically. Not perfectly. But enough to make a normal slab phone feel a little bit wasteful when all you wanted was to check one thing.

Main Display: 6.9 Inches of Gorgeous AMOLED — Crease and All

Open the Flip8 and you got a 6.9-inch Dynamic AMOLED 2X display with a 2520 x 1080 resolution, 120Hz refresh rate, 21:9 aspect ratio and roughly 397 pixels per inch. It was crisp, colourful and tall enough to make long feeds, articles and messages feel naturally spacious.

The 21:9 shape was central to the experience. It made the phone feel almost cinematic in portrait, with room to scroll through a webpage or a conversation without constantly losing your place. Reading on it was excellent. Social feeds suited it beautifully. Video looked properly dramatic when you rotated the phone, although the tall format naturally meant black bars for much conventional content.

There was still a crease. Let's not pretend it had vanished into the mists. You could see it in certain lighting and feel it when your thumb crossed the centre of the screen. It was less bothersome after a few days because your brain is good at ignoring recurring visual details. Still, anyone coming from a conventional flagship should try one in person before spending four figures. Foldables ask you to accept a few quirks in return for a different kind of convenience.

The 6.9-inch, 120Hz inner display made the Flip8 feel like a full-size smartphone once opened, while its 21:9 proportions suited reading and vertical scrolling particularly well.

For split-screen multitasking, the narrow shape was less ideal. You can put two apps beside each other, but neither gets a vast amount of horizontal breathing room. That is a natural limitation of a clamshell foldable rather than a uniquely Samsung problem. If your day involves dense spreadsheets, large documents or multiple app windows, a book-style foldable remains the more sensible category.

Feature Samsung Galaxy Z Flip8 OnePlus foldables Honor foldables
Water and particle resistance IP48 IP58 IP58
Folded-phone focus Clamshell format with 4.1-inch FlexWindow Foldable range Foldable range

The comparison was a useful reminder that the Flip8 was not the outright durability leader on its stated rating. It did, however, have an unusually well-developed cover-screen experience for a clamshell. For many buyers, that will count for more than a number on a water-resistance chart. For others, especially anyone routinely around dust, grit or outdoor work, it may be the reason to look more closely at those IP58 alternatives.

Snapdragon vs Exynos: Which Engine Powers Your UK Flip8?

There was a regional wrinkle with the Flip8. Buyers in the US and selected markets received the customised, overclocked Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5 for Galaxy. The UK and Europe received Samsung's Exynos 2600, built on a 2nm process. That distinction will matter to the sort of person who reads processor comparisons for fun, which is more people than manufacturers like to admit.

For UK buyers, the practical takeaway was reassuring. The Exynos 2600 gave the Flip8 the performance headroom expected from a flagship phone in 2026. Day-to-day navigation, camera use, social apps, video and Galaxy AI features were handled without the phone feeling strained. The 12GB of RAM helped keep the experience feeling suitably premium, whilst 256GB or 512GB of UFS 4.0 storage gave buyers a reasonable choice between adequate capacity and peace of mind.

Samsung's 2nm manufacturing process was part of the story because efficiency mattered especially in a thin foldable. There is less physical room inside a clamshell than a conventional large phone, and less room tends to make heat management harder. Thankfully, typical use did not reveal a thermal issue. The Flip8 stayed cool through normal camera, messaging, streaming, browsing and AI activity.

Extended gaming sessions of more than 30 minutes did produce warmth around the hinge area. That was not shocking; powerful components in a 6.1mm unfolded device have to put their heat somewhere. Performance throttling only appeared after prolonged synthetic benchmark workloads rather than in typical daily use. In other words, the phone could get warm if you made it do laboratory-style punishment. Most people will not. Most people have emails.

Thermal reality check

The Flip8's slim chassis did not become a daily-use thermal compromise. It was sensible for Samsung to prioritise efficiency here, because a thin foldable that runs uncomfortably hot would rather defeat the point of being thin in the first place.

The lack of a published benchmark number worth hanging your hat on was not a concern in isolation. Benchmarks are useful as a broad reference, but they do not tell you whether a phone is enjoyable to use on a train, whether the camera app opens promptly, or whether the hinge gets toasty after a long game. On those more human measures, the Flip8's platform looked appropriately capable.

Storage deserves a brief mention because foldable buyers often keep their phones longer than the average upgrade cycle. The Flip8 had no separate lower-RAM model to muddy the waters: both storage versions came with 12GB of RAM. That was the right call. At this price, Samsung should not be asking anyone to compromise on memory, and thankfully it did not.

Camera System: Familiar Sensors, Smarter AI Processing

Here is the less glamorous bit. The Galaxy Z Flip8 used the same core 50MP main camera and 12MP ultrawide pairing that had been in place since the Galaxy Z Flip6. The main camera had an f/1.7 aperture, optical image stabilisation and an 85-degree field of view; the ultrawide used an f/2.2 aperture and a 123-degree field of view.

That did not make the camera system bad. It made it familiar. At £1,149, however, it was fair to want more than hardware continuity in an area where conventional flagship phones keep improving. Samsung's approach was to lean into processing and AI rather than fit new sensors. Depending on your priorities, that was either a sensible use of the Flip's tight internal space or a missed opportunity. Both opinions are defensible.

The 50MP main sensor remained the camera to use most often. Optical image stabilisation was valuable for everyday shooting, and the 85-degree field of view was broad enough for general scenes without pushing perspective too hard. The 12MP ultrawide's 123-degree view was genuinely handy in cramped interiors, narrow streets and architecture-heavy city days, where a few steps backwards are not always an option. London, as ever, is not built around your desire to fit an entire building in one shot.

Samsung's folding design still gave the Flip8 a distinct photographic advantage: the rear cameras could double as selfie cameras with the FlexWindow acting as your preview. That was one of the strongest arguments for the format. Instead of settling for the inner 10MP selfie camera, you could fold the phone into position and use the more capable rear hardware for self-portraits and group shots.

Camera strengths

  • 50MP main camera included optical image stabilisation.
  • 123-degree ultrawide was useful for tight spaces and large scenes.
  • The FlexWindow made the rear cameras practical for selfies.
  • The foldable shape could be used as its own stand for more considered framing.

Camera compromises

  • The 50MP and 12MP rear hardware was unchanged from the Galaxy Z Flip6.
  • The 10MP inner selfie camera was best regarded as a convenient video-call camera.
  • Buyers seeking major camera hardware progress had little reason to upgrade purely for photography.
  • No dedicated telephoto camera was part of the setup.

The Flip8's rear 50MP main and 12MP ultrawide cameras remained familiar hardware, but the folding design still made them more flexible for self-portraits and hands-free framing.

The 10MP f/2.2 camera inside the main display had an 85-degree field of view and did the expected job for video calls and quick selfies. It was functional rather than exciting. That is not necessarily a disaster, because the whole point of the Flip design is that you are not trapped using the front-facing camera for your best shots. But it did underline how much the device depended on its physical flexibility to offset fairly static imaging hardware.

Buy it for camera flexibility, not camera novelty

The Flip8 was capable of taking photos in ways a normal handset cannot easily match: folded on a surface, using the rear cameras for selfies, or framed from the cover screen. Just do not mistake that flexibility for a wholesale camera-spec upgrade.

Battery Life & Charging: Silicon-Carbon Science Meets Daily Life

The Galaxy Z Flip8 had a 4,300mAh battery, the same stated capacity as the Galaxy Z Flip7. Normally that sentence would be a bit of a red flag in a yearly flagship upgrade. Samsung's change was not capacity but chemistry: the Flip8 used silicon-carbon battery technology, designed to provide better energy density and thermal performance within the same constrained physical space.

That mattered because foldable phones have always faced a simple engineering problem. People want them thinner, lighter and longer-lasting, ideally all at once. Physics tends to respond with a polite cough. Silicon-carbon cells are one of the ways manufacturers are trying to squeeze more useful efficiency from limited space, allowing the battery to store and release energy more effectively than more traditional graphite-based designs.

In practical terms, the Flip8 was a reliable full-day phone for moderate use. Messaging, browsing, music, camera use, cover-screen checks and a sensible amount of video were within its comfort zone. Heavier users should still expect to seek a top-up during the day, especially if they spent long periods gaming, recording video, using mobile data heavily or simply treating the large inner screen as their primary entertainment device.

This was not a two-day endurance monster. Nor should anyone buy a thin clamshell expecting one. What Samsung achieved was arguably more useful: better battery behaviour without making the phone thicker or heavier. That is progress, even if it is not the sort of progress that lends itself to a giant number on a billboard.

Samsung rated the Galaxy Z Flip8 battery for 1,200 charge cycles. That was a meaningful long-term durability figure for a device likely to be kept for several years, especially compared with the roughly 500-cycle expectation often associated with the wider industry.

Charging remained conservative. Wired charging topped out at 25W, wireless charging at 15W Qi, and Wireless PowerShare remained available at 4.5W for accessories such as Galaxy Buds or a Galaxy Watch. There was no charger included in the box, so factor that in if you do not already own a suitable USB-C charging setup.

The charging speeds were probably the most obvious place Samsung looked cautious. At £1,149, 25W wired charging did not feel particularly ambitious. It was adequate, and wireless charging plus reverse wireless charging made the device more versatile, but this was not a handset for someone who expects to rescue a nearly flat battery with a few frantic minutes beside a plug socket.

Still, battery life is about more than raw charging wattage. The Flip8's combination of a more efficient processor, silicon-carbon chemistry and improved thermal management gave it a steadier everyday profile than the unchanged capacity might suggest. For most normal users, that was more important than the number printed beside the battery icon.

Samsung retained a 4,300mAh capacity but moved to silicon-carbon battery technology, aiming for better efficiency and thermal behaviour inside the slimmer foldable body.

Software Experience: One UI 9 and Android 17

Shop One UI 9 and Android 17 on Amazon UK

The Flip8 shipped with Android 17 and Samsung's One UI 9. That combination mattered more on this device than it would on a standard rectangular phone, because software had to make sense across two very different screens. A foldable can have beautiful hardware and still feel daft if the cover display and inner screen behave like strangers at a wedding.

Samsung's approach was clearly to make the FlexWindow a more central part of the experience. Widgets, notifications, camera controls, Gemini, Now Bar and Now Brief were all part of a cover-screen system that felt intentionally designed rather than bolted on. That was where One UI 9 had the most visible job: deciding what belonged outside, what needed the inner screen and how smoothly you moved between those two states.

One UI remained a feature-rich take on Android, which will suit people who enjoy having useful tools within reach and may irritate those who prefer their software almost aggressively plain. Personally, I think Samsung's foldable software benefits from being a little more opinionated. There are simply more possible ways to interact with this hardware, and the phone needs a coherent hand guiding you towards the sensible ones.

Cover-screen-first tasks

One UI 9 made more sense of the FlexWindow by centring quick information, widgets, notifications and selected app interactions around the display you saw before opening the phone.

Galaxy AI access

AI tools were part of the core software pitch, with Google Gemini available from the FlexWindow for quick queries without immediately opening the main display.

Two-screen continuity

The usefulness of the Flip8 depended on being able to move from a glance outside to proper work inside without the device feeling like two separate phones joined by a hinge.

The broader lesson was that the Flip8 felt best when you let it behave differently from a normal smartphone. Use the cover screen for small interactions. Open the phone for proper reading, typing or viewing. Prop it up when the foldable form is useful. Do not unfold it out of habit every single time, because then you are paying a premium for a very expensive ordinary phone with a crease in it.

If you enjoy a device with personality, the Flip8 had plenty. If you want total simplicity above all else, a conventional flagship may still be the safer bet. There is no shame in that. Some people want a phone to disappear into the background. The Flip8 wants to be noticed, then folded away.

Price and Value: Is the £100 Increase Justified?

The Galaxy Z Flip8 started at £1,149 with 256GB of storage and 12GB of RAM. The 512GB version cost £1,319. In the US, the same storage options were priced at $1,199.99 and $1,399 respectively. The important UK context was unavoidable: the equivalent Galaxy Z Flip7 had cost £1,049, so Samsung had added £100 to the entry price.

Galaxy Z Flip8 512GB

£1,319

12GB RAM / 512GB UFS 4.0 storage for buyers who keep lots of photos, video and offline media close at hand.

Was it justified? Partly. The Flip8 was thinner, lighter, had a larger and more capable FlexWindow, used a more modern battery construction and offered a refined hinge arrangement. Those were real, everyday improvements. You picked up the phone and understood where some of the extra money had gone.

The difficult part was that Samsung had not upgraded everything. Camera hardware remained unchanged from the Flip6 generation, wired charging stayed at 25W, and the IP48 rating lagged behind the IP58 resistance found on competing OnePlus and Honor foldables. At £1,149, buyers were entitled to notice those omissions rather than being distracted by the pretty hinge.

The 256GB model was the sensible default for most people because the RAM was identical across the range. The 512GB version made most sense for enthusiastic photographers, video shooters or anyone who dislikes having to think about storage. There was no bad configuration, exactly. There was simply a point at which the total became difficult to defend unless you specifically wanted a clamshell foldable.

And that was the value question in a nutshell. If you merely wanted a powerful Android phone, £1,149 bought into a competitive category with plenty of excellent conventional options. If you wanted a polished clamshell that you could genuinely use differently throughout the day, the Flip8's appeal was more understandable. It was a luxury, yes, but at least it was a luxury with a practical trick.

Who Should Buy the Samsung Galaxy Z Flip8?

The Flip8 was not a universal recommendation, and that is perfectly fine. Folding phones are more personal than standard handsets because the physical format changes the way you carry and use them. The right buyer will probably love it. The wrong buyer will spend a lot of money on a hinge they barely use.

Best for compact-phone fans

Buy the Galaxy Z Flip8 if a full-size smartphone feels fine in use but unnecessarily bulky in a pocket. Its 13.1mm folded profile and 180g weight were the clearest arguments for the design.

Best for cover-screen users

The 4.1-inch FlexWindow was the reason to choose the Flip8 over an older Flip if you want notifications, widgets, camera previews, Gemini, Now Bar and Now Brief to be genuinely useful outside the phone.

Best for flexible selfies

The ability to use the rear cameras with a cover-screen preview gave the Flip8 a practical advantage for self-portraits and hands-free framing, even without new camera sensors.

Skip it if durability is priority one

If the strongest available ingress protection is your non-negotiable requirement, the Flip8's IP48 rating sat behind the IP58 protection offered by competing OnePlus and Honor foldables.

The Galaxy Z Flip8 made most sense for people who value a large phone screen when open but want a significantly smaller object in a pocket, handbag or jacket when it is closed.

I would also pause if you owned a Galaxy Z Flip7 and were broadly happy with it. The Flip8's improvements were real, particularly the dimensions and FlexWindow, but the familiar camera hardware and identical stated battery capacity meant this was not an automatic annual upgrade. It was a much easier recommendation for someone moving from an older Flip, a conventional phone, or a device whose battery and storage were beginning to feel limiting.

For a first-time foldable buyer, the Flip8 was arguably Samsung's most approachable clamshell yet. It did not demand that you change your entire phone life. It simply rewarded you whenever you used the fold. That is the right balance.

Samsung Galaxy Z Flip8 FAQ

How much did the Samsung Galaxy Z Flip8 cost in the UK?
The Galaxy Z Flip8 launched at £1,149 for the 256GB model with 12GB of RAM. The 512GB version cost £1,319. The 256GB Flip8 was £100 more than the equivalent Galaxy Z Flip7.
How thin was the Galaxy Z Flip8?
It measured 6.1mm when unfolded and 13.1mm when folded shut. Its folded dimensions were 85.7 x 75.4 x 13.1mm, and it weighed 180g.
What was new about the FlexWindow?
The Flip8 had a 4.1-inch Super AMOLED FlexWindow with a 1048 x 948 resolution and refresh rate of up to 120Hz. It supported widgets, notifications, camera previews, selected apps, Google Gemini, Now Bar and Now Brief without needing to unfold the phone.
Did the UK Galaxy Z Flip8 use Snapdragon or Exynos?
UK and European models used Samsung's 2nm Exynos 2600 processor. US and selected-market models used the customised Snapdragon 8 Elite Gen 5 for Galaxy.
Was the Galaxy Z Flip8 battery better than the Flip7 battery?
Both phones had a stated 4,300mAh capacity, but the Flip8 used silicon-carbon battery technology for better energy density and thermal performance. Moderate users could expect a reliable full day, while heavy users should plan for a daytime top-up.
How fast did the Galaxy Z Flip8 charge?
It supported up to 25W wired charging, 15W Qi wireless charging and 4.5W Wireless PowerShare for compatible accessories. Samsung did not include a charger in the box.
Did Samsung upgrade the Galaxy Z Flip8 cameras?
The rear hardware remained a 50MP f/1.7 main camera with OIS and an 85-degree field of view, plus a 12MP f/2.2 ultrawide with a 123-degree field of view. The inner selfie camera was 10MP f/2.2. The main benefit remained the ability to use rear cameras with the cover screen for selfies.
Was the Galaxy Z Flip8 properly water resistant?
It had an IP48 rating. That offered useful protection, but it was lower than the IP58 rating available on competing foldables from OnePlus and Honor.

The Flip8 was at its best when the cover display handled the small stuff and the 6.9-inch screen took over only when you needed a proper phone-sized workspace.

Verdict: A Better Flip, but an Expensive One

The Samsung Galaxy Z Flip8 was the most refined clamshell foldable Samsung had made by 25 July 2026. It was thinner, lighter and more pleasant to carry than the Flip7, while the 4.1-inch FlexWindow finally felt useful enough to shape how you used the phone rather than merely decorate it.

Its weaknesses were equally clear. The £1,149 starting price was £100 higher than the Flip7, camera hardware had not moved on since the Flip6, charging remained modest at 25W, and IP48 fell short of IP58 rivals from OnePlus and Honor. This was not a bargain. It was a polished premium purchase.

Buy it if you want the best version of Samsung's compact clamshell idea, value the smarter cover screen, and appreciate a phone that becomes genuinely smaller when you put it away. Skip it if your priority is maximum camera advancement, faster charging or the strongest possible ingress protection. The Flip8 made folding feel less like a party trick and more like a daily convenience. That was worth something. Whether it was worth an extra £100 was the only truly difficult bit.